In October , a new archaeological site opened at Tel Hebron where the walls of the city from the Early and Middle Bronze Age were excavated, as well as buildings from the Early Roman period, including pottery vessels, jewelry and coins.
Workshops from the First Temple period, including wine and olive presses, pottery kilns and huge vessels to produce wine and oil were also discovered. The Arabs converted the Byzantine church at the Tomb the Patriarchs into a mosque.
Upon capturing the city in , the Crusaders expelled the Jewish community, and converted the mosque at the Tomb back into a church. However, the restored Islamic Mameluke ascendancy was less tolerant than the pre-Crusader Islamic Arab regimes — a decree barred Jews and Christians from entering the Tomb of the Patriarchs, allowing them only to ascend to the fifth, later the seventh, step outside the eastern wall. The Jewish cemetery — on a hill west of the Tomb — was first mentioned in a letter dated to The surviving Jews fled to Beirut and did not return until One year — according to local legend — when the requisite quorum for prayer was lacking, the Patriarch Abraham himself appeared to complete the quorum; hence, the name of the synagogue.
Despite the events of , its general poverty and a devastating plague in , the Hebron Jewish community grew. Throughout the Turkish period , groups of Jews from other parts of the Land of Israel , and the Diaspora , moved to Hebron, joining the existing community, and the city became a rabbinic center of note.
In , the Hebron Jewish community was rocked by a blood libel , in which Jews were falsely accused of murdering the son of a local sheikh. The community — which was largely sustained by donations from abroad — was forced to pay a crushing fine, which further worsened its already shaky economic situation. In , dunams of land were acquired to expand the cemetery. In , a wealthy Turkish Jew, Haim Yisrael Romano, moved to Hebron and purchased a plot of land upon which his family built a large residence and guest house, which came to be called Beit Romano.
The building later housed a synagogue and served as a yeshiva, before it was seized by the Turks. During the Mandatory period , the building served the British administration as a police station, remand center, and court house. In , the building later known as Beit Hadassah was built by the Hebron Jewish community as a clinic, and a second floor was added in During World War I, before the British occupation, the Jewish community suffered greatly under the wartime Turkish administration.
Young men were forcibly conscripted into the Turkish army, overseas financial assistance was cut off, and the community was threatened by hunger and disease. However, with the establishment of the British administration in , the community, reduced to people, began to recover.
In , Rabbi Mordechai Epstein established a new yeshiva, and by , the population had risen to again. On August 23, , local Arabs devastated the Jewish community by perpetrating a vicious, large-scale, organized, pogrom. According to the Encyclopedia Judaica :. The assault was well planned, and its aim was well defined: the elimination of the Jewish settlement of Hebron. The rioters did not spare women, children, or the aged; the British gave passive assent.
Sixty-seven were killed, 60 wounded, the community was destroyed, synagogues razed, and Torah scrolls burned. A total of 59 of the 67 victims were buried in a common grave in the Jewish cemetery including 23 who had been murdered and dismembered in one house alone , and the surviving Jews fled to Jerusalem. During the violence, Haj Issa el-Kourdieh — a local Arab who lived in a house in the Jewish Quarter — sheltered 33 Jews in his basement and protected them from the rioting mob.
In , 31 Jewish families returned to Hebron and re-established the community. This effort was short-lived, however, and, in April , fearing another massacre, the British authorities evacuated the community. Following the creation of the State of Israel in , and the invasion by Arab armies, Hebron was captured and occupied by the Jordanian Arab Legion.
During the Jordanian occupation, which lasted until , Jews were not permitted to live in the city, nor — despite the Armistice Agreement — to visit or pray at the Jewish holy sites in the city.
Additionally, the Jordanian authorities and local residents undertook a systematic campaign to eliminate any evidence of the Jewish presence in the city. They razed the Jewish Quarter, desecrated the Jewish cemetery and built an animal pen on the ruins of the Avraham Avinu synagogue. On April 4, , a group of Jews registered at the Park Hotel in the city.
The actions sparked a nationwide debate and drew support from across the political spectrum. King of Judah at 2 Samuel ; 2 Samuel The conspirators against Ish-Bosheth hanged at 2 Samuel Jews of the Babylonian captivity dwell at Nehemiah The patronymic of Mareshah 1 Chronicles ; 1 Chronicles The third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi.
Exodus ; Numbers ; 1 Chronicles ,18 ; He was the founder of a family of Hebronites, Numbers ; ; 1 Chronicles ,30,31 , or Bene-Hebron. Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the world still existing; and in this respect it is the rival of Damascus. It was a well-known town when Abraham entered Canaan, years ago. Genesis Its original name was Kirjath-arba, Judges "the city of Arba;" so called from Arba the father of Anak.
Joshua ,14 ; Sarah died at Hebron; and Abraham then bought from Ephron the Hittite the field and cave of Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb Genesis The cave is still there, and the massive walls of the Haram or mosque, within which it lies, form the most remarkable object in the whole city.
Abraham is called by Mohammedans el-Khulil , "the Friend," i. Hebron now contains about inhabitants, of whom some fifty families are Jews. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills.
The valley runs from north to south; and the main quarter of the town, surmounted by the lofty walls of the venerable Haram , lies partly on the eastern slope. Genesis comp. Genesis About a mile from the town, up the valley, is one of the largest oak trees in Palestine. This, say some, is the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his tent, and it still bears the name of the patriarch. November Forty years after first Jews moved into Hebron and pioneered the settler movement in the West Bank, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declares the policy to have been misguided and urges sweeping withdrawal.
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