Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. See Subscription Options. Discover World-Changing Science. Get smart. Sign Up. Support science journalism. Knowledge awaits. Enzymes in saliva convert starch into glucose:. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. It kills many harmful microorganisms that might have been swallowed along with the food.
Brunicardi FC, et al. In: Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. McGraw-Hill; Rakel D, ed. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Integrative Medicine. Hammer GD, et al. Gastrointestinal disease. McCabe ME, et al. New causes for the old problem of bile reflux gastritis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Caspa Gokulan R, et al. From genetics to signaling pathways: Molecular pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Reviews on Cancer. Khanna S, ed. Gallbladder disease. It normally opens only to allow food to pass into the stomach and then closes tightly. If the valve relaxes abnormally or weakens, stomach acid can wash back into the esophagus.
That's acid reflux. If both the pylorus and the lower esophageal sphincter don't work properly, then bile and acid, along with other digestive fluids from the small intestine, can enter the esophagus from the stomach.
That condition is often called bile reflux, even though the fluid that's getting into the esophagus contains more than just bile. Signs and symptoms of bile reflux and acid reflux are similar, resulting in difficulty distinguishing between the two. The main symptom of both is frequent heartburn — a burning feeling in the chest or throat accompanied by a sour taste in the mouth.
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